Katin EM a cikin Ikon Samun Dama: Nau'i, Tsaro & Yadda ake Zaɓi (2026)
May 14, 2026
Bar sako
Katin 125kHz Wanda Har yanzu Yana Gudun Yawancin Gine-gine
Yi tafiya cikin kowane tsakiyar{0}} ginin ofis, rukunin gidaje, ko wurin shakatawa na masana'antu, kuma dama ita ce masu haya katunan shiga da ke ɗauke da wallet ɗinsu suna aiki akan 125kHz. Waɗannan katunan EM ne, ƙayyadaddun shaidar kusanci da aka gina akan EM4100 ko TK4100 chipset, kuma sun kasance ƙofa mafi ko'ina da aka tura - fasahar shiga duniyar. Fiye da kashi 73% na ƙungiyoyi a duniya sun dogara da wani nau'i na RFID{8}} tushen ikon samun damar shiga (Rahoton Ci gaban Kasuwa), kuma babban kaso na tushen da aka shigar har yanzu yana gudana akan fasahar EM daga farkon 2000s.
Katin EM abu ne mai wuce gona da iri, karanta{0}} shaidar RFID kawai. Yana ɗauke da mai ganowa na musamman (UID) guda 64 (UID) wanda aka kona har abada a cikin guntu a masana'anta. Babu baturi a ciki. Lokacin da katin ya shiga filin lantarki na mai karantawa mai jituwa, yawanci tsakanin 2 zuwa 15 cm, filin yana ƙarfafa igiyar eriya ta jan ƙarfe da ke cikin katin, kuma guntu tana watsa UID ta hanyar daidaitawa na Manchester. Mai karatu ya ɗauki wannan lambar, ya aika zuwa ga mai kula da kofa, kuma mai kula da shi ya duba ta a kan rumbun adana bayanai don yanke shawara ko kulle ya buɗe. Ƙungiyoyin sayayya suna neman wanikatin em4100 don shiga kofayawanci suna kallon daidai wannan guntu, ko fil ɗinsa{0}}wanda ya dace, TK4100.
A zahiri, daidaitaccen katin kusancin EM ya dace da ƙimar ISO 7810 ID-1 (85.5 mm × 54 mm × 0.76 mm) kuma ana kera shi a cikin PVC, ABS, ko PET dangane da buƙatun dorewa. Aiki zafin jiki jeri daga -20 digiri zuwa 50 digiri. Don zurfafa kallon yadda kwakwalwan kwamfuta na RFID ke adanawa da watsa bayanai a matakin yarjejeniya, bayyani na fasaha na Syntek ya rufesigina da rufaffen tushe.
Ta yaya Katin EM yake Aiki a cikin Tsarin Kula da Samun dama?
Kowane hulɗar sarrafa damar katin em yana bin sarkar sigina iri ɗaya: katin → mai karatu → mai sarrafawa → bayanan bayanai → kulle lantarki. Mai karanta katin EM don sarrafa damar shiga yana fitar da UID da aka kama ta amfani daWiegand 26-bit yarjejeniya, shekarun da suka gabata{0}}tsohon ke dubawa wanda ya zama ainihin ma'aunin waya a masana'antar shiga. Wiegand 26-bit yana ba da katunan EM daidaitattun masu karatu na ban mamaki: kusan kowane mai sarrafa damar shiga kasuwa zai karɓi shi.
Domin Wiegand 26-bit loading ne mai lebur, lambar da ba a ɓoye ba tare da tabbatar da zaman zama ba, duk na'urar da za ta iya tsangwama siginar tsakanin mai karatu da mai sarrafawa na iya sake kunna wannan shaidar. Buɗewar da ta sanya tsarin 125kHz sauƙi don turawa shine kadarorin guda ɗaya wanda ke sauƙaƙawa don daidaitawa.
Yawancin yanayin turawa inda EM{0} tushen tsarin ya kasance masu rinjaye sun haɗa da ƙofofin mazaunin jama'a, shingen garejin ajiye motoci, lokacin bene na masana'anta{1}} tashoshin halarta, da ƙofofin ciki na sakandare a cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu. Don ƙarin hoto na yadda fasahar RFID ta dace da gine-ginen samun damar zamani, gabatarwar Syntek zuwa taswirorin samun damar shiga RFID yana fitar da cikakken yanayin muhalli.
Katin EM vs. Katin IC vs. Katin CPU: Menene Ainihin Ya bambanta
Yawancin labaran kwatance suna shimfida tebur mai fasali kuma su ci gaba. Tebur yana da amfani, amma ainihin abubuwan sayayya suna zaune a ƙarƙashinsa.
| Girma | Katin EM (Katin ID) | Katin IC (Mifare) | Katin CPU |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yawanci | 125 kHz | 13.56 MHz | 13.56 MHz |
| Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya | 64 -bit UID, karanta-kawai | 1-4 KB, karanta{2} rubuta | 8-64 KB+, karanta{3}} rubuta da OS |
| Rufewa | Babu | CRYPTO1 (Classic) / AES (DESFire) | AES{2}128/256, injin crypto akan katin |
| Juriya na cloning | Babu wani - da aka rufe a cikin daƙiƙa guda | Ƙananan (Classic) zuwa High (DESFire EV3) | Maɗaukaki - Tabbatar da juna |
| Multi{0}} aikace-aikace | Ayyuka guda ɗaya | Matsakaici (shiga + halarta) | Cikak (samun shiga, biyan kuɗi, ainihi) |
| Farashin naúrar (yawanci) | $0.08–$0.15 | $0.30–$1.20 | $1.50–$5.00+ |
| Halin amfani na yau da kullun | Hanyar shiga ta asali, parking | Samun ofis, katunan harabar | ID na gwamnati, banki, wucewa |
Matsakaicin farashi dangane da babban farashin odar Syntek a 10,{1}} juzu'i; ainihin farashin ya bambanta ta bambancin guntu, bugu, da buƙatun ɓoyewa.
Babban bambanci tsakaninkatin em da katin Mifareba lambar mita ba ce kawai. Bambanci ne tsakanin takardar shaidar da ke watsa madaidaicin lamba ga duk wanda ke saurare da kuma shaidar da za ta iya ƙalubalanci mai karatu don tabbatar da kansa kafin raba bayanai. Tsakanin katin IC da katin CPU, tsalle yana fitowa daga sashin{2}}kariyar maɓalli na matakin zuwa cikakke akan tsarin aiki na katin da ke da ikon tafiyar da applets cryptographic, irin gine-ginen da ke tabbatar da katunan banki da ID na ƙasa.
Gaskiyar Tsaro Game da Katunan EM: Abin da Yawancin Jagorori ke Bari
Anan shine inda yawancin abubuwan ilimi ke tsayawa a "katin EM ana iya kwafi" kuma suna ci gaba. Gaskiya ta fi ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai, kuma ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ke da mahimmanci ga duk wanda ke yin sayayya ko haɓaka yanke shawara.
Katin EM4100 yana watsa UID ɗinsa a sarari, ba tare da musafaha da tabbaci ba, duk lokacin da ya shiga filin karatu. Masu binciken tsaro sun nuna nau'ikan kayan aikin da aka samar a ƙasa da daƙiƙa 30 ta amfani da kwafin RFID na hannu waɗanda farashin ƙasa da $20.Masanin Kimiyyar Tsaro). A cikin 2013, wani mai bincike a Bishop Fox ya gina Arduino{2}}marubuci mai karatun 125kHz{4}} don tabbatar da hakan.em4100 rfid katin tsaroshine, a aikace, yayi daidai da yin kwafin lambar sirri (barcode).Kisi).
Amma haɗarin ya wuce wanda ya karɓi katin na minti ɗaya. Bincike na ilimi ya nuna cewa manyan saitin eriya masu ƙarfi na iya karanta katin EM na 125kHz UID daga nesa har zuwa mita 3, fiye da sanin mai kati cewa ana kama shaidar shaidarsu (MDPI Technologies). Wannan ya sa sata "kati a aljihunka" ya zama ainihin kai hari, ba na ka'ida ba.
Anan shine ɓangaren da yawancin labaran da aka rubuta{0}} ba za su gaya muku ba: haɓakawa daga EM zuwa Mifare Classic ba zai magance matsalar ba. Mifare Classic's CRYPTO1 cipher ya karye a ilimi shekaru da suka gabata, kuma buɗe{3}}asashen kayan aikin (MFOC, MFCUK) na iya fasa maɓallan sashe daga hulɗar kati guda. Na'urorin masu amfani kamar Flipper Zero sun kawo Mifare Classic cloning cikin yankin sha'awa. Hanyar haɓaka tsaro ta gaske tana kaiwa zuwaMifare DESFire EV2 ko EV3, waɗanda ke amfani da AES{2}} 128 ɓoyayyen ɓoyewa da amincin juna, ƙirar tsaro daban-daban. A cikin gwajin sarrafa sarrafawa da dillali, wani kamfanin fasahar tsaro na Turai ya ba da rahoton cewa rufaffen kati mai wayo ya rage abubuwan da suka faru na cloning katin da kashi 96% (Rahoton Ci gaban Kasuwa).
Wannan bambance-bambancen yana da mahimmanci saboda ƙungiyoyin sayayya akai-akai suna amincewa da kasafin kuɗi don "haɓaka Mifare" ba tare da fayyace bambancin Mifare ba. Bambancin farashi tsakanin Mifare Classic da DESFire EV3 shaidar shaidar ita ce kusan 3-5 × (dangane da farashin masana'anta na Syntek a girma), kuma bambancin tsaro shine tazara tsakanin "mai karyewa tare da kayan aikin kyauta" kuma "ba a zahiri karyewa tare da hanyoyin yanzu."
Lokacin da 125kHz EM Cards Har yanzu suna da ma'ana - da kuma lokacin da basa yi
Yin watsi da fasahar EM gaba ɗaya ba zai zama mara amfani ba kamar yin watsi da iyakokinta. Akwai halaltattun yanayi inda a125khz katin kusanciya kasance zaɓin da ya dace, kuma sanin iyaka yana hana duka kashe kashewa da ƙasa{1}}kare.
Katunan EM sun kasance masu kariya ga ƙofofin sakandare na ciki a cikin wuraren da aka riga an kiyaye kewayen ta mafi girma{0}}shararrun shaidar ƙima ko ƙididdiga, kamar kabad na ciki a cikin DESFire{1} kare ofishi. Har ila yau, sun dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyukan aiki inda kaddarorin da aka kare ke da ƙarancin canji kuma ƙirar barazanar ba ta haɗa da kutsawa ta jiki da aka yi niyya ba: dakunan shakatawa na al'umma, wuraren shakatawa marasa ma'ana, lokaci na asali{{5} halarta inda aka haɗa katin tare da lambar PIN don dalilai guda biyu- tabbatarwa.
Katunan EM sun daina yin ma'ana a lokacin da kayan aikin ke sarrafa bayanan da aka tsara, kayan aikin kuɗi, ƙididdigar magunguna, ko duk wani kadara wanda sulhuntawa ke haifar da sakamakon yarda. Cibiyoyin bayanai, benayen ciniki na kuɗi, ajiyar magunguna na kiwon lafiya, da shigarwar gwamnati bai kamata su dogara da takaddun shaida waɗanda za a iya kwafi su da na'urar $15 daga kasuwan kan layi ba.
Wani yanayin da ya kama ƙungiyoyi a cikin tsaro shine gina mika mulki. Lokacin da kamfanin sarrafa kadarori ya karɓi gini, ba a taɓa yin kididdige ƙididdiga na katin shiga don nau'in fasaha na shaida ba. Takardun mikawa yawanci suna rikodin adadin katin, katunan 500, masu aiki 200, amma ba ƙirar guntu ko mitar aiki ba. Hanyar karɓa tana gwada ko kowace kofa ta buɗe, ba ko an rufaffen shaidar da ke bayanta ba ko watsa tsayayyen UID a sarari. Wannan gibin yana zaune ne a yankin launin toka tsakanin mai kula da kadarorin da ke shigowa da kuma dan kwangilar tsaro da aka fitar daga waje, kowane bangare yana zaton dayan ya tabbatar da ainihin ainihin katunan. Gine-gine guda biyu da ke amfani da nau'in nau'in kayan aikin mai karatu na iya aiwatar da fasahar katin daban-daban, amintaccen ɗaya, wanda ba a iya gani ba, kuma bambancin ba ya iya gani ba tare da tantancewa da gangan ba (ACS Ltd).
Inda Kasuwar Katin Kula da Katin Ta Ke Gaba
Kasuwar sarrafa damar shiga katin{0} ana kimanta kusan dala biliyan 5.75 a shekarar 2025 kuma ana hasashen zai kai dala biliyan 7.84 nan da 2030, yana girma a kashi 6.4% CAGR (Mordor Intelligence). A cikin waccan kasuwa, fasahar RFID da NFC suna lissafin kashi 57.75% na haɗin haɗin kai.Mordor Intelligence). kuma tura masu karatu marasa lamba sun karu da kashi 38% tsakanin 2022 da 2024.
Hanyar ƙaura ta fasaha tana gudana daga EM zuwa Mifare Classic zuwa Mifare DESFire zuwa takaddun shaida ta wayar hannu, kowane mataki yana haɓaka bene na sirri. Matsin lamba na tsari yana haɓaka tsarin lokaci: umarnin NIS2 na EU, alal misali, yana tsawaita wajibcin tsaro ta yanar gizo zuwa kayan aikin samun damar jiki a cikin sassa masu mahimmanci, sanya takaddun shaidar kofa da ba a ɓoye ba ta zama tazarar yarda, ba zaɓin tsaro kawai ba. Tsalle daga DESFire EV2 zuwa EV3 yana kallon ƙanƙanta akan takarda, AES guda ɗaya{6}128 core, amma a cikin turawa sarrafa dubban ma'amaloli na yau da kullun, bambance-bambance a cikin gine-ginen hana sake kunnawa da saurin mu'amala suna tantance ko firar ku ta tsaya a matakin firmware na mai karatu ko yana aiki mai tsabta.
Ga ƙungiyoyi tsakiyar- hijira, masu karatu biyu{1} (125kHz + 13.56MHz) sune daidaitaccen kayan aikin miƙa mulki. Suna ba da damar katunan EM na gado da sabbin katunan wayo don zama tare akan mai karatu iri ɗaya yayin ƙaddamar da tsarin. Tsanaki na aiki anan shine tashar 125kHz ta ci gaba da aiki a duk lokacin miƙa mulki, wanda ke nufin rage girman kai hari, gabatar da katin EM mai cloned don ƙetare sabuwar shaidar, yana yiwuwa har sai tashar gado ta kasance da gangan ta kashe (ICT). A aikace, rubuta kashe tashar tashoshi 125kHz cikin kwangilar ƙaura a matsayin ci gaba mai mahimmanci tare da ƙayyadaddun kwanan wata, ba bayanin tsare-tsaren da ake jinkirta kowane kwata ba lokacin da dintsi na tsoffin katunan suka kasance ba a canza su ba.
Yadda Ake Zaɓan Katin Ikon Samun Dama Don Aikinku
Maimakon jera ma'auni na zaɓi na gabaɗaya, ga jerin yanke shawara wanda, a cikin shekaru 17 na kera takaddun shaida na RFID a cikin wurin 3,600m² da ke gudanar da layukan samarwa 5 a katunan 100,{5}} kowace rana, mun ci gaba da ganin suna samar da mafi ƙarancin nadama:
- Fara da tsarin barazana, ba kasafin kuɗi ba.Ƙayyade abin da zai faru idan mutum mara izini ya kwafi kuma yayi amfani da shi. Idan sakamakon shine wani ya shiga dakin ma'aunin motsa jiki, EM yana da kyau. Idan sakamakon shine samun damar zuwa rumbun sabar ko kantin magani, tsallake EM da Mifare Classic gaba ɗaya. Jeka kai tsaye zuwa DESFire EV2/EV3 ko katunan CPU.
- Sannan duba dacewar tsarin.Idan masu kula da damar shiga kawai suna karɓar shigarwar Wiegand 26-bit kuma kasafin kuɗi baya bada izinin maye gurbin mai sarrafawa, katin em don ikon samun dama zai iya zama zaɓin ɗan gajeren lokaci kawai-, amma haɗa shi da ma'auni na biyu (PIN, biometric) kuma a rubuta shi azaman sanannen haɗari tare da maƙasudin mai sarrafawa na watanni 12-24, ba buɗaɗɗen da ba a taɓa ƙarewa ba.
- Sa'an nan, kuma kawai sai, tattauna farashin naúrar.Thekowane - bambancin farashin kati tsakanin EM da DESFiregaskiya ne ($0.10 vs. ${2}} a juzu'i, bisa babban farashin Syntek), amma kuskure ne mai zagaye akan farashin sake{3}}katin ginin gabaɗaya bayan abin da ya faru na tsaro ko kuma binciken bin ka'ida.
Kuskuren saye da aka fi sani da shi, ta wani babban gefe, shine ƙayyade "Katin Mifare" akan odar siyayya ba tare da ƙayyadadden Classic ko DESFire ba, bambancin da ke ƙayyade ko za a iya haɗa katin tare da na'urar mabukaci $30 ko kuma yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin ɓoye bayanan fiye da kowace hanyar kai hari a bainar jama'a. Wasu kurakurai masu maimaitawa: EM4100 mai ruɗani (karanta{3}}kawai, ƙayyadaddun UID) tare da T5577 (wanda za'a iya sake rubutawa, guntu a zahiri ana amfani dashi cikin na'urorin cloning); da kuma yin watsi da buƙatun firmware mai karatu lokacin motsi daga tsarin 125kHz zuwa tsarin 13.56MHz.
Idan aikin ku yana buƙatar bugu na al'ada{0} EM, Mifare, ko DESFire takaddun shaida tare da takamaiman tsarin guntu, Syntek'slayin samfurin katin RFIDya ƙunshi cikakken kewayon daga daidaitattun katunan farar fata zuwa cikakkun takaddun shiga na musamman.
FAQ: Tambayoyi gama gari Game da Katunan EM a cikin Ikon Samun shiga
Tambaya: Menene katin EM kuma ta yaya yake aiki?
A: Katin EM katin kusancin RFID ne 125kHz wanda ke ɗauke da masana'anta{1}}wanda aka tsara, karanta{2}}UID kawai akan guntu EM4100 ko TK4100. Filin mai karatu yana ƙarfafa eriyar katin, yana haifar da watsa UID don tabbatar da bayanai.
Q: Za a iya cloned katunan EM?
A: iya. Katunan EM suna aika da kafaffen ID ba tare da ɓoyewa ba, kuma ana iya samar da clones masu aiki a cikin daƙiƙa tare da masu kwafin hannu marasa tsada.
Tambaya: Menene bambanci tsakanin katin EM da katin Mifare?
A: Katunan EM 125kHz ne, karantawa kawai, bayanan shaidar da ba a ɓoye don isa ga asali. Katunan Mifare suna aiki a 13.56MHz tare da karantawa{4}}rubuta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ɓoye bayanan goyan baya, yana ba da damar shiga mai tsaro da amfani da aikace-aikace da yawa.
Tambaya: Har yanzu ana amfani da katunan EM ko'ina?
A: iya. Ƙananan farashin su, daɗaɗaɗɗen daidaituwa, da sauƙin turawa suna sa su zama masu rinjaye a farashi{1}}masu hankali da ƙanƙanta{2}wahalin tsaro a duk duniya.
Tambaya: Yaushe zan haɓaka daga katunan EM zuwa katunan wayo?
A: Lokacin da kayan aikin ku ke sarrafa bayanai masu mahimmanci, suna buƙatar hanyoyin dubawa, ko kuma dole ne su cika ƙa'idodin bin ka'idoji. Manufar DESFire EV2/EV3 tare da boye-boye AES, ba Mifare Classic ba.
Don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai ko saitunan katin al'ada, isa ta hanyarShafin binciken katin RFID na Syntek.
Aika Aikace-aikacen