Menene Alamomin RFID gama gari don kowane Mita?
Dec 22, 2025
Bar sako
Menene Alamomin RFID gama gari don kowane Mita?
Mitar ta ƙayyade komai a cikin RFID. Karanta nisa, iyawar bayanai, aikin muhalli, farashin kowace naúrar{1}}dukkan ta yana komawa ne zuwa inda alamar ta zauna akan bakan na'urar lantarki. Bayan jigilar miliyoyin alamun tagulla a cikin ikon samun dama, sarrafa dabbobi, da aikace-aikacen biyan kuɗi tun 2006, alamu sun bayyana a sarari.
Ƙungiyoyin mitar mitoci uku sun mamaye ayyukan aikin RFID na kasuwanci: ƙananan mitoci a 125{2}}134.2 kHz, mitar mitoci mai girma a 13.56 MHz, da matsanancin mitoci tsakanin 860-960 MHz. Kowane rukuni yana da takamaiman kwakwalwan kwamfuta waɗanda suka zama matsayin masana'antu, da fahimtar waɗanne tags ke aiki inda ke hana gazawar daidaitawa mai tsada.
Ƙananan Mita
Ƙungiyar 125 kHz tana wakiltar fasahar RFID mafi tsufa na kasuwanci har yanzu tana cikin samarwa. Iyalan guntu guda biyu suna lissafin yawancin tura kayan aiki.
EM4100 da fil ɗin sa -mai jituwa bambance-bambancen TK4100 sun kasance babban zaɓi na asali don sarrafa damar shiga. Waɗannan na'urori masu karantawa ne kawai suna adana 64{12}}mai ganowa na musamman ta amfani da rufaffen Manchester, yana aiki a ko'ina daga 100-150 kHz. Tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana biye da ƙayyadaddun tsari: 9 ragowa na kai, 40 ragowa na abokin ciniki da bayanan serial tare da layin layi, da ginshiƙai guda 4 don gano kuskure. Babu boye-boye, babu tabbaci-kawai lambar da ake watsawa a duk lokacin da guntu ya shiga filin karatu.
Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun karatun{0} kawai yana da mahimmanci ƙasa da gibin tsaro. Nunin ICT na 2023 ya nuna cloning na sahihancin a cikin daƙiƙa biyar. Don samun damar ginawa inda ƙirar barazanar ke ɗaukar ainihin abin hanawa maimakon ainihin tsaro, EM4100/TK4100 keyfobs har yanzu suna motsawa cikin ƙara. Farashi mai girma zai iya kaiwa $0.15 kowace raka'a.
Bambancin da ake iya rubutawa yana amfani da 512{13}}bit EEPROM wanda aka tsara zuwa 16 tubalan na 32 ragowa kowanne. Katange 0 da 1 suna riƙe bayanan masana'anta gami da UID 32{15}} da nau'in guntu. Toshe 2 yana adana kalmar sirri 32{16}} don kariyar karantawa/rubutu. Tubalan 5 zuwa 15 suna ba da sarari mai amfani-isa don aikace-aikace masu sauƙi waɗanda ke buƙatar adana fiye da mai ganowa kawai. Kulle rago na iya canza kowane toshe zuwa yanayin karantawa kawai azaman aiki na lokaci ɗaya.
Ganewar dabba yana aiki a 134.2 kHz ƙarƙashin ISO 11784/11785, ta amfani da FDX{3}}B tare da tsarin lamba 15-asashe{6}} dabba{10}}tsarin lambar ƙasa. Ginin da ake samarwa a nan yana ɗaukar microchips sama da 300,000 da aka tabbatar da ICAR a duk shekara don kamfanin kiwon lafiyar dabbobi na Turkiyya kaɗai. Rufin gilashin da ya dace yana hana ƙi nama, kuma kwakwalwan kwamfuta sun kasance ana iya karanta su har tsawon rayuwar dabbar. Samar da alamar kunne ya kai 500,000-600,000 kowane wata a duk wata a duk wata ayyukan gonakin shanu a Mexico, Mongolia, Senegal, Mauritania, da Botswana.
Babban Mita
Ƙungiyar 13.56 MHz tana aiki a ƙarƙashin manyan iyalai biyu na yarjejeniya, kuma rikitar da su yana haifar da matsaloli.
Gargadin Tsaro
TS EN ISO 14443 yana rufe katunan kusanci tare da nisan karantawa na yau da kullun a ƙarƙashin 10cm. MIFARE ya kasance babban dangin guntu a nan, amma ba duka MIFARE daidai suke ba. Bambance-bambancen gargajiya da ke amfani da boye-boye na Crypto-1 an karye ta hanyar ɓoyewa tun daga 2008-Bayanai na Maris 2024 Unsaflok ya fallasa maƙallan otal miliyan 3 masu rauni a cikin kadarori 13,000. MIFARE DESFire tare da AES-128 ya kasance amintacce daga sanannun hare-haren.
MIFARE Classic S50 na asali yana ba da 1KB na ajiya zuwa kashi 16, kowanne yana ɗauke da tubalan 16-byte guda huɗu. Kowane sashe yana kiyaye ikon samun damar kai tsaye tare da maɓallan 6-byte guda biyu (Maɓalli A da Maɓalli B) da filin yanayin samun damar 4-byte. Tsarin bitar da ke bayyana karantawa, rubutawa, haɓakawa, da rage izini ga kowane toshe yana ba da damar daidaitawar tsaro mai girma-ko yi, kafin rugujewar rubutun ya sa ya zama mai ƙima.
ISO 15693
ISO 15693 yana rufe katunan kusa da nisan karantawa wanda ya kai mita 1{11}} 1.5. Guntuwar I·CODE 2 daga NXP tana aiki anan tare da ragi 1024 da aka tsara azaman tubalan 32 na bytes 4 kowanne. UID 64-bit da aka ƙone a masana'anta yana tabbatar da keɓantacce. Matsakaicin canja wurin bayanai ya kai 53 kbps, kuma ka'idar anti- karo yana sarrafa alamomi da yawa a cikin filin lokaci guda. Tsawon tsayi ya sanya I·CODE 2 ma'auni don tsarin laburare, wuraren binciken sarkar samar da kayayyaki, da duk wani aikace-aikacen da ba za a iya kawo alamar kai tsaye ga mai karatu ba.
Biya & Tafiya
Biyan kuɗi da aikace-aikacen wucewa suna buƙatar yarda da ISO 14443. Katunan al'ada miliyan 2 da ake aikawa kowace shekara don aikin banki na Tajikistan suna bin wannan ma'auni, suna tallafawa biyan haraji, ayyukan gwamnati, da ma'amalar kayan aiki. Wani mai haɗa tsarin Isra'ila yana siyan ƙarin katunan miliyan 2 a shekara don abubuwan biyan kuɗi na wurin shakatawa. Duk aikace-aikacen biyu suna buƙatar kusancin karantawa{6}} karkatar da kati daga nisan mita zai haifar da damar zamba.
Ultra{0}Mai girma
UHF RFID tsakanin 860-960 MHz yana aiki akan kimiyyar lissafi daban-daban. Madadin haɗaɗɗiyar inductive, UHF tana amfani da electromagnetic backscatter, yana ba da damar karanta tazarar mita 10-15 tare da ƙayyadaddun masu karantawa da kuma tantance alamun 200+ a sakan daya.
EPC Gen2 Standard (ISO 18000-6C) Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya
Ajiye
EPC
Kayan Wutar Lantarki
Lambar
TID
Model # & Zane
ID
Mai amfani
Bayanan Aikace-aikace
Ma'aunin EPC Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C) yana bayyana ƙungiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a cikin bankuna huɗu. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ajiya tana riƙe da kalmar sirrin kisa 32-bit da kalmar shiga 32-bit. Ƙwaƙwalwar EPC tana ƙunshe da CRC 16-bit, raƙuman sarrafa yarjejeniya da ke nuna tsayin EPC, da Lantarki Samfuran Lantarki da kanta-tsawon canzawa yana farawa a adireshin 20h. Ƙwaƙwalwar TID tana adana ajin rarraba ISO 8-bit, ID ɗin ƙirar abin rufe fuska 12-bit, da lambar ƙirar alamar 12-bit. Ƙwaƙwalwar mai amfani ta bambanta ta guntu amma tana ba da sarari don bayanan aikace-aikacen.
Tsaro yana biye da tsarin na'ura na jihar. Tags a cikin OPEN jihar suna karɓar umarni na asali. Samar da madaidaicin kalmar shiga yana motsa alamar zuwa SECURED jihar, yana ba da damar kullewa da buɗe ayyukan. Nau'o'in makullai guda uku sun wanzu: kariyar rubutaccen sharadi mai buƙatar kalmar sirri, izinin rubutu na dindindin wanda ba za a iya kulle shi ba, da kulle dindindin yana hana duk wani rubutu na gaba.
Rarraba mitar yanki ya raba ayyukan UHF. Arewacin Amurka yana amfani da 902-928 MHz. Turai tana aiki a 865-868 MHz. Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga aikace-aikacen sarkar samar da kayayyaki na duniya inda alamun ke ketare iyakoki.
Amfanin dabaru ba shi da tabbas. Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na sito wanda ya ɗauki kwanaki tare da bincikar lambar sirri a cikin sa'o'i tare da UHF. Pallet{2}}bibiyar matakin, gano abin hawa, sarrafa kwantena{3}}ko'ina mai girma{4}}yawan karantawa yana tabbatar da saka hannun jarin ababen more rayuwa.
Zaɓin Mitar Aiki
Bishiyar yanke shawara ta fi guntu fiye da yadda masu siyarwa suke yi.
- Ikon samun dama na asali tare da ƙananan buƙatun tsaro har yanzu ba su da iyaka zuwa 125 kHz don farashi.
- Duk wani abu da ke buƙatar ingantaccen tabbaci yana buƙatar 13.56 MHz tare da ɓoyewar zamani{1}}DESFire, ba Classic ba.
- Gano gano dabba ya daidaita akan 134.2 kHz FDX{1}}B a duniya.
- Biya dole ne ISO 14443.
- Dogayen dabaru na kewayo{0} yana nufin UHF.
Dual{0}} maɓalli na mitoci suna wanzu don yanayin ƙaura, masu ɗauke da guntu guda 125 kHz da 13.56 MHz a cikin gidaje guda. Masu karanta Legacy suna ganin guntu ɗaya, masu karatu masu haɓaka suna ganin ɗayan. Zane-zanen eriya yana ƙayyade ko mitoci biyu suna aiki da dogaro-ba kowace masana'anta ke samun aikin injiniya daidai ba.
Guntu a ciki yana da mahimmanci fiye da mitar da aka buga akan takaddar bayanai. Shekaru 36 na kulle-kulle na otal sun tabbatar da hakan.
Aika Aikace-aikacen